50 Years - How much change has occurred?

I vividly remember the 1960s. I remember watching Dr. King speak live. I remember listening to the debates about civil rights, and eventually participating in them. I remember the news reports and the reactions to the murder of Medgar Evers, just shortly before the March on Washington.

The fearful identified with the words that Yeats had used to characterize Europe ravaged by World War I: “anarchy is loosed upon the world…the ceremony of innocence is drowned; the best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity.” The hopeful, however, espoused the vision of Dylan that “times they are a changing”. They heard his call to “gather ’round people wherever you roam,” admonishing the “writers and critics,” “senators, congressmen,” and “mothers and fathers” to lend a hand in deconstructing old systems to create a new world that would serve everyone’s needs.

In matters of race at that time, overt discrimination had the acceptance, if not the approval, of many in the majority community. Even in the north, landlords and real estate agents could admit they would not show rental or sales properties to Blacks. Some chose to leverage that stance as a selling point. Although the government had tried to remedy employment discrimination in its civilian and military work forces at least as early as the 1940s, legislation to guide private employers did not arrive until the 1964 Civil Rights Act. I remember one of my relatives who was ostracized by coworkers because he had hired a Black military veteran to work as a janitor in an otherwise all-white business.

These are some of my memories, but what about some facts? Do the data tell us that any of the basic elements of quality of life have changed for the races over these past 50 years?

Nationally, the Economic Policy Institute suggests that the dreams of Dr. King and the other speakers on August 28, 1963 have not yet reached fruition. Unemployment was twice as high for Blacks than for Whites in 1960—it had the same two-to-one ratio in 2012. Integration of our schools has not occurred: three quarters of Blacks attend schools where more than half of students are persons of color. Although the gap in poverty rates between Whites and Blacks has narrowed since 1960, the Black poverty rate remains twice as high as the White rate.

What about Minnesota?

If the dream of those who marched in August of 1963 included equality of opportunity, it looks like Minnesota falls short. The latest data for our state, published just yesterday, shows a 33 percentage point gap between the proportions of White and Black students meeting state reading standards.

If the dream envisioned equality of outcomes, we fall even shorter. For example, in 1960, in Minnesota, White household income was 50% higher than the household income of persons of color (Whites: $4,695; Persons of color: $3,116). In 2011, the difference had increased to 60% (Whites: $57,150; Persons of color: $35,500). For Black Minnesotans, the figure drops to $25,410. So, despite achievements in legislation to promote equality, the numbers, at least for income, suggest greater, not less, disparity between Whites and Blacks.

In 1960, in Minnesota, Whites and persons of color had very similar rates of labor force participation: Just over half of both groups (who were age 14 and older) participated in the labor force. Fifty years later, the situation shifted: About 78% of Whites (ages 16 to 64) participated in the labor force, compared to 65% of persons of color in that age group.

In fact, Minnesota is currently home to some of the very largest White – Of Color gaps in the nation including disparities in poverty rates (7th largest racial gap among states); proportion of adults working (5th largest); and home ownership rate (the largest gap in all of the 50 states). Unfortunately our “above average” quality of life, regularly touted in national media, while true for the state as a whole, is not shared in all quarters of our state.

Should the numbers discourage us? I don’t think so. Our efforts over the past 50 years have changed attitudes, and we have influenced culture. We have improved life for many, even if we have not succeeded in improving life for all. I remain inspired by Dr. King’s assertion that “I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be, and you can never be what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the inter-related structure of reality.”

On that note, we need to persevere. As we make life better for any of us, we make life better for all of us.

Should Homeless People Smoke?

I pondered that question at about 11:30 p.m. on a Friday night in June, while attempting to fall asleep on my cot in the basement of a church I had never set foot in previously, where I served as an overnight volunteer for Project Home.

Project Home provides emergency shelter for children and their families in Ramsey County, by arranging sleeping accommodations and breakfasts in the basements of churches and synagogues. The overnight chaperone socializes with the families before bedtime, tries to get a little sleep overnight, and awakens early to offer the parents and children food before a bus arrives early to take them to a day program.

While chatting on the church steps until the mandatory 10:00 p.m. bedtime, several of the parents smoked, and the secondhand smoke caused me to cough a few times – yes, even in the fresh air. Later on, pondering the effects of the smoke on the kids kept me awake.

An article in the July 18 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine notes that, “Although the prevalence of smoking in the United States has declined, vulnerable and marginalized groups continue to use tobacco at high rates.” The article points out that smoking-related deaths among homeless people occur at a rate twice as high as the rate among people in stable living situations.

Unique challenges do exist with respect to reducing smoking among homeless people – such as above average nicotine dependence, psychiatric conditions, and histories of abuse and trauma, in addition to lack of health insurance which limits access to smoking cessation services.

Yet, my experience that Friday night convinced me we must make reducing smoking among the homeless population a priority.

A 9-week-old baby staying at the shelter, who appeared healthy for the most part, had a raspy wheeze. And despite the fact he had seemingly very loving, caring parents, they were heavy smokers. His mother said that a nurse informed her that tobacco smoke could cause wheezing. I tried to remain supportive, nonjudgmental, so I mildly affirmed the nurse’s comment, even while I choked back my emotions.

A 30-something father talked with pride about his 12-year-old daughter, who accompanied him to the shelter. She had earned all A’s and B’s at school during the past year, despite the lack of housing stability and despite some stressful events involving racist taunting, which she had to endure. The girl demonstrated athletic ability out on the sidewalk. Her father, who smoked several cigarettes that evening, said that she wanted to play two different sports, but her asthma prevented her from engaging in prolonged and intense physical activity. Might the severity of her asthma have some connection to his smoking? I tried to understand why the girl’s father was unable to make the connection between his daughter’s asthma and the smoke he blew around her.

The children in these shelters are precious resources. We know that their environments – family and community – will significantly shape their health; environmental influences of many types will literally add/diminish years from their lives. (See, for example, our report on “the unequal distribution of health”.) So, at a minimum, we should perhaps seek to transform the adage that “your right to swing your fist ends where my nose begins” to “your right to blow smoke ends where a child begins to inhale.”

In 2004, Minnesota State Representative Marty Seifert proposed that welfare clients who smoke cigarettes should have a reduction in their benefits. As the StarTribune reported, his proposal “drew laughs and criticism from Teresa Nelson, legal counsel for the Minnesota Civil Liberties Union. ‘That's pretty wild,’ she said. ‘Certainly, giving up the right to put legal substances in your body should not be a condition of qualifying for government benefits.’”

Well, giving attorney Nelson the benefit of the doubt, I attempted, to no avail, to identify some justification for her assertion. Smoking typically appears as a condition affecting the cost of life insurance, for example. So, what socially responsible value or principle should inhibit  government from taking a life-saving approach for adults and their children, saying: “If you do not smoke, you will receive X amount of dollars, but if you do smoke, you will receive less”? That approach would put pressure on people to engage in behavior which protects their health and the health of others, and we could evaluate its effectiveness.

Financial rewards and penalties constitute just one approach. We probably need multiple approaches, given the complexity of the issue – addiction, psychiatric illnesses, etc. In the case of homeless shelter volunteers such as me, even some coaching about key messages, what to say when a shelter resident lights up a cigarette, might help. Perhaps you have thoughts to share?

In the final analysis, though, we must not deal with this problem by ignoring it. I concur with the authors of The New England Journal of Medicine article, who conclude strongly that we must “change the culture of complacency that has enabled our acceptance of smoking as an inextricable aspect of homelessness. Though the challenges of addressing tobacco use in this population are many, we believe that ignoring this issue is no longer justifiable — and that the conversation should shift away from the question of whether to address smoking among homeless people and toward the question of how.”

"Independence" Day?

The day after the Fourth of July, I encountered a man wearing a shirt which proclaimed: “I built my business. The government didn't build my business.” His declaration of independence very much tempted me to ask:

• Did you build the roads that your customers use to drive to your business, that your suppliers use to bring the materials you need to conduct your business, and for that matter, that you traverse every day, expecting that the traffic lights will work, that the pavements will contain no hazards, and in the event of severe weather, that maintenance crews will plow snow, clear fallen trees, and do whatever else your safe passage might require?
• Did you create the monetary system that your customers use to make purchases from your business?
• Did you hire the teachers who educated your employees?
• Did you create your own police and fire services, to ensure the safety of your business?

It might have proved interesting to engage in conversation that man with the t-shirt, to determine the extent to which he truly believed that he had “done it alone”, although something about his demeanor suggested that he probably would not have opened up to rational dialogue on the matter. In any case, the notion that the “I” succeeds in this world absolutely independently, with no reliance on government and others, is ludicrous.

The American Founding Fathers declared political independence – the establishment of a separate nation. That very act, however, along with the entire American Revolution, relied entirely on interdependence – mutual collaboration among people, organizations, and colonies, to wage war and to establish a new social and economic order.

The next couple of centuries of European settlement in North America involved extensive interdependence (not to mention the years of interdependence among native people prior to the Europeans’ arrival, but that’s a different discussion). Individuals worked in common to create communities, produce goods and services, and form political, social, and religious institutions. Not to say that people always agreed with one another. Sometimes disagreement even turned violent, the Civil War being probably the most extreme division. However, joint efforts, humans engaging with other humans, produced all notable achievements within these United States throughout the course of the nation’s history.

As we confront the challenges of the 21^st century, our interdependence motivates us to recognize our common fate, develop joint goals, and collaboratively forge inventive solutions to social, economic, and environmental issues. Those issues range all over the map: international development; national security; local business development; community crime prevention; affordable, energy-efficient housing; long-term care of the aging; climate change; education relevant to a changing world. You can add to the list of local, national, and international issues that we need to address.

John Donne said it poetically:

"No man is an island,

Entire of itself,

Every man is a piece of the continent,

A part of the main. …

Any man's death diminishes me,

Because I am involved in mankind."

At Wilder Research, we work on issues which call for joint effort, sometimes motivated by an inventive, entrepreneurial desire to improve communities’ quality of life and build a better world, sometimes motivated by compassion to remedy a problem, right an injustice, or eliminate an obstacle that prevents communities from thriving. Our understanding of our interdependence leads to our acknowledgement of the responsibility to do nothing less. Not only does the death of another human being diminish us, so also does their inability to acquire adequate education, shelter, food, or nurturing. Because we are all interdependent.

As we move forward from this Fourth of July holiday – Happy Interdependence Day!

Nothing Stops a Bullet Like a Job

That’s the motto of Homeboy Industries in Los Angeles – an innovative program that serves high-risk, formerly gang-involved men and women.

Ponder that for a moment while considering the following:

• The United States spends more money per person on health care than any other country in the world.
• Among the 34 countries tracked by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States ranks very close to worst on life expectancy, infant mortality, and child poverty.

What’s the connection between the slogan and these health statistics? Social determinants of health­­­—the range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status.

In the case of Homeboy, it’s palpable. They connected the dots. Economic factors influence crime, including gun violence. Crime and violence produce homicides, injuries, mental health problems, and other ills. By improving economic opportunities, we can reduce crime, thereby improving a community’s health.

What about the seemingly contradictory facts on health care spending and the United States’ poor showing on health status indicators? The lack of correlation between them occurs because health care plays a lesser role in keeping us all healthy than lifestyle, economic status, and environment.

Spending more money on clinicians, hospitals, clinics, and drugs will have only a small impact on our health. We can produce a much larger, community-wide impact by improving economic opportunities, increasing high school and college completion rates, improving the housing stock, and cleaning up the air, just to name a few.

A few years ago, we completed a study with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Minnesota Foundation.   It demonstrated that neighborhoods in the Twin Cities located just minutes away from one another have very different life expectancies. Residents in some neighborhoods can expect to live at least 5 years longer than residents in other neighborhoods. That’s a lot less time to spend enjoying life on this planet, just because you have the wrong zip code.

One way to remedy this situation: Greater collaboration between two types of organizations who share similar missions, but who frequently do not work in unison. The first type, community development finance organizations, such as Twin Cities LISC, include banks and other lending institutions which have financial resources to support construction projects, provide start-up funding for entrepreneurs, and meet other capital needs of public and private organizations. They address health by attempting to improve the environment, reduce poverty, and provide infrastructure for the delivery of health and public health services. The second type incudes public health, health care, and human service organizations that promote health, work on prevention, and treat illness and disease.

While these two types of organizations share a similar vision to improve community health, they do not fully understand one another nor share a common approach. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation recognized this and began efforts to bring these organizations together.

Wilder Research, in partnership with the Federal ReserveBank of Minneapolis, just released a special report commissioned by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation which documented how this work occurs, what facilitates it, and what needs to occur to promote success.

We noted a number of promising examples in our report, including:

• Brandywine Center in Pennsylvania, which blended public and private money to build a health center, affordable housing for seniors, community meeting space, and a children's library. (Is a children's library a tool for health improvement? You bet!)
• Preschool Without Walls, in California, which provides early learning activities for low-income parents and their children in libraries, public parks, and at home. This strategy has successfully engaged families previously resistant to early childhood programs; it has improved school readiness.
• Bringing Health Home, also in California, which offers households with young children coupons for local farmers markets in conjunction with workshops on nutrition, preparation of healthy foods, and budgeting. 

We surveyed professionals around the nation in fields related to community development and public health.  To our pleasant surprise, they described a number of existing joint efforts to promote a culture of health in schools and workplaces, increase access to healthy foods, and improve the quality of early education and child care.

Perhaps not surprisingly, we also learned that good leadership, mutual respect and understanding among those working together, shared vision and common goals were at the top of the list of ingredients necessary for success.

Momentum exists to improve health and life expectancy for everyone. To build on the momentum:

First, we need to develop leadership at the national level to nurture collaborative initiatives and build a network for communication and learning.

Second, we need to learn how to work better in partnerships, and gain knowledge and technical skills related to funding and operating cross-sector programs.

Third, we need to build the evidence base for cross-sector initiatives to improve community health. Practitioners should initiate action based on what we know works and does not work.

We look forward to continued work to improve the large scale social trends and the small scale elements of our neighborhoods, which so strongly influence the quality and length of our lives.

35 Years - Older and Wiser

The first week of May, 1978 – where did you find yourself? The Monday of that week, I arrived at 355 Washington Street in Saint Paul (current site of The Ordway Theater), to begin working at Wilder Research, continuing a career dedicated to improving the lives of individuals, families, and communities, through social research. 

• In 1978, Jimmy Carter served as President, with Minnesota’s own Walter Mondale as Vice President.
• The United States had about 223 million residents – who could expect to live, on average, 73.5 years. 
• A first class stamp cost 13 cents; it rose to 15 cents mid-year. 
• Military rebels in Afghanistan murdered both the president and his brother during a coup. 
• The United States began to mint dollar coins with the image of women’s suffragist, Susan B. Anthony. The public largely disliked them, due to their resemblance to quarters. 
• Lesley Brown, who died just last year in 2012, gave birth to the world's first test tube baby. 
• The average cost of a home was $54,800. 
• The first, public, dial-up “computerized bulletin board system” went online in Chicago. 
• 400 of the world’s top climatologists met in Geneva to discuss climate change and if changes in climate were influenced by pollution. 

Clearly, the world has evolved in some ways, but has perhaps remained very much the same in others. The Internet has all but replaced computerized bulletin boards; Afghanistan remains turbulent; many people have not made up their minds about how to address climate change.

You can observe similarities and differences in the practice of social research over the past 35 years – the topics, the findings, and the methods.

In the 1970s, poverty among aging people consumed far more attention than did poverty among children. Social and health programs benefiting the elderly eventually alleviated much of that concern. Meanwhile, as the twentieth century ended, trends in childhood poverty and the condition of children in the United States began to trouble us. Awareness increased regarding the effects of social, environmental, and economic factors upon children – even effects upon early brain development, which occur prenatally.

Some words and issues common today did not appear on the radar screen, or just barely did so, in the seventies. The concept of “diversity”, for example, had limited circulation since at least the 1940s, but had not emerged in general use. Desegregation and affirmative action comprised policy approaches to eliminate discrimination. Racial issues stood as a major threat to the well-being of our communities. However, the notion of a diverse society, building on the collective strengths of multiple races and cultures, just approached the horizon.

The “achievement gap” did not receive the widespread attention it receives today. “Immigration issues” engendered less vitriol. Nobody even cared about the dependency ratio – the ratio of working age people to aging people who need support – given the large number of baby boomers in the beginning phase of their economically productive years. But that has certainly changed now, with the large number of aging and imminently retiring boomers, succeeded by a numerically smaller generation.

Researchers assessed public behaviors, attitudes, and opinions in the 1970s by means of mailed surveys and phone surveys.  With one (and usually only one) landline phone number in each household, researchers could use “random digit dialing” effectively, to produce representative samples of respondents. Today, with the proliferation of cell phones, a large proportion of households without even one landline, and the high mobility of some populations, researchers require new methods to locate survey respondents who will supply credible, representative information.

As I look back at Wilder Research over the past 35 years, what makes me the most proud, personally? It’s probably facilitating the growth and accomplishments of so many talented people – starting with about a dozen Wilder Research staff at the time I became Executive Director, to approximately 100 who serve here today. They carry out 200 or so projects each year, working directly with 150 to 200 organizations – evaluating effectiveness, assisting agencies to develop and improve their work, assessing changes in community trends and the implications of those trends. Wilder Research staff serve thousands more locally, nationally, and internationally by distributing information, sharing reports, training, and advising nonprofit, government, and neighborhood organizations who strive to make their parts of the world better places.

What has remained constant at Wilder Research, not just from the 1970s to now, but since our first study in 1917, is the commitment to provide objective, credible, culturally-responsive research to improve lives and communities.

We have seen that research can enable all people of all types to overcome challenges and live their lives better than if we never asked questions, never challenged conventional wisdom, never provided facts to inform judgment.

We should never and can never give up our searching for answers.